Comparing Different Approaches Of The Bystander Effect

This essay will ‘compare and contrast’ two approaches made in investigating the ‘bystander effect’. It will discuss in some depth as to what exactly is meant by the bystander effect, illustrating when this concept was first shown and why. An outline will be made of the different methods used, those being experiments and discourse analysis, explaining each one in turn, within the framework of two cases. The first being the murder of ‘Catherine Genovese,’ 1964.and the second ‘James Bulger’ 1993. The essay will then show examples of the differences and similarities between each method. Concluding with a summary of findings into the two approaches to investigating the Bystander Effect. First ‘The Bystander Effect’, states ‘that individuals are less likely to intervene in emergency situations when other people are present’. Latne Darley, (1970) cited in Byford J.( 2014 pp 232). Simply put, where emergency situations arise, if more than one person is present the likelihood of someone in distress being helped reduces. This is the ‘diffusion of responsibility’ effect were each bystander feels less obliged to help because the responsibility seems to be divided with others present’. (Byford J., 2014 pp233) An example of Bystander Apathy shown within a video (The Open University 2016). How did this come about? In 1964 New York, Catherine Genovese, was murdered near her home. She Called for help. 38 residents heard this but apart from one shouting out ‘to leave the girl alone’ noShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 Pagescontemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamental behaviors and feelings are powerfully affected by motives that are not controllable, but rather areRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Schools1607 Words   |  7 Pageset al, 2014). Unfortunately, teachers are not able to support anti-bullying norms while they are not around (Atlas, Pepler, 1998). But still victims feel teachers are not able to protect them, when teachers are around (Novick Isaacs, 2010). Approaches highlighting teachers One study shows the importance of both teachers’ perceived efficacy and their years of experience. Teachers with less experience have less efficacy and more perceived threat. Self-efficacy and perceived threat has two componentsRead MoreStomp Out Bullying Essay example1774 Words   |  8 Pagesschools have also created hotlines for victims to call anonymously and talk to someone about the bullying that is occurring or ask for tips on what to do in situations with bullying. These organizations are not only for the victims but are also for bystanders who are witnessing bullying. It is important to stop bullying before it gets worse. It is vital that the victims recognize that he or she is not alone. It is becoming a wide spread campaign to stop bullying. In October of 2010, teen celebritiesRead MoreEssay about Bullying Research Study2838 Words   |  12 Pagesschool-wide inclusion programs but no studies have currently been conducted regarding one teacher’s attempt at providing a safe learning environment using these resources. As well, no current studies have confirmed which separate elements of these approaches can offer an educator success. Design The researcher will study this particular phenomenon by observing and reviewing all of the complexities of child behavior. A mixed methods study will be conducted that combines elements of qualitative andRead MoreLevel HSC Unit 40 - Lead positive behavioural support.14060 Words   |  57 Pagesstructures as we will be providing care for many children (0-18) and adults whom have learning/physical disabilities and many of these individuals may be at risk from or already showing established concerning behaviours. Positive behaviour support approaches have become established as the preferred approach when working with people with learning disabilities who exhibit behaviours described as challenging. This is now reflected in a significant body of authoritative guidance, including Positive andRead MoreInflence of Parental Monitoring on Adolescent Decision Making9466 Words   |  38 Pagesimprove their ability to make sensible decisions, hoping to get them to make wise choices on their own. Having general decision-making skills might enable teenagers to protect themselves in many situations. By talking openly to teenagers about different aspects of relationships, by discussing the potential long-term implication of early sexual involvement, and by teaching adolescents to think critically about what they see and hear, parents can empower their teens to deal with challenges and adverseRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Nature Of Police Juvenile9755 Words   |  40 Pagesmore insight into the patterns of crime in rural locales. The researchers’ findings suggested that the progression of growth and its effects on community change associated with the growth were risk factors of rural crime patterns. Moreover, rural economic growth and development and rural settings’ crime patterns were very closely related; although they seem different. They further indicated that social capital was important theoretically and empirically. The researchers’ findings suggested that aRead MoreAn Ethical Basis for Relationship Marketing- a Virtue Ethics Perspective10327 W ords   |  42 Pagesmarketing as a term ï ¬ rst appeared in the US marketing literature in a 1983 paper by Berry (1995). Services marketing provided the context for introducing RM. The general notion (explored above) has been discussed by many marketing writers using different descriptors for a long time. However, as an identiï ¬ able subject within the overall domain of marketing in the US, RM is a relatively recent EJM 41,1/2 40 phenomenon. What makes RM so pervasive is that it has been shown to be applicableRead MoreFrom Extravagant Movie Theatres to Lowly Bomba Houses: Investigating the Degeneration of City Spaces Along Claro M. Recto Avenue, Manila10891 Words   |  44 Pagesmeans of people to cooperate with one another and work together towards a common goal (Dickens, 1990). Of course, this was seen through the light of creating new institutions so as to avoid increasing levels of crime and suicide (Dickens, 1990). In effect, Durkheim was able to understand the implications of a profound social change through the process of modernization in two conflicting ways- one, which allows for the cooperation and coordination of people under specialized and divided labor and anotherRead MoreToyota Supply Chain78751 Words   |  316 Pagesbook gives us a treatment on how Toyota has designed and operated supply chains to adapt to these three dimensions. For example, the needs for the Japanese and U.S. markets, the Camry versus the Lexus, and at different points in time of the product life cycle, are different, and so different supply chain processes are needed. I would urge the reader going through this book to keep two perspectives in mind. First, it describes in great details how Toyota runs its supply chain. As a result, there are

The New Basketball Player A Short Story - 1874 Words

RING! RING! RING! RING! Damn what the hell! 5:45 already? â€Å"Tommy wake up Gage and Henry just pulled up and you have practice in 40 minutes† mother said. â€Å"OK mom† Tommy mumbled while yawning and stretching, as he looked up he saw two of his teammates standing in his doorway, both staring at their watches. Tommy shouted â€Å"I’ll be out in five minutes. Get out!† Tommy was always excited for the first day of practice. For the last three years he has dribbled his way to greatness; three state titles. Tommy was now a senior at Belleview Heights High school his coach had him down as a 6’0† - 165lbs point guard, but he knew only on a good day he was even 5’11†. . But that’s what coaches do they bump up all the players’ heights and even weights on the stats, hoping to psych out the opposing team. Tommy was given the nickname â€Å"Dimes† because he averaged his sophomore and junior year 14 assists per game with 10.9 points per game. Averaging a double double was an amazing feat for any point guard in the area But Tommy didn’t care this was his year to really show how well he can pass and cut. Meanwhile in the kitchen Robyn, which was Tommy’s Mother. But the kids usually just called her mom. Robyn was passing out plates of bacon and eggs, which even had hash browns as well, along to Gage who was a senior small forward at 6’5† – 210lbs he averaged 16.4 points per game last year with 9 rebounds. He was looking to average 20 points this season, he was more of an offensive player, mostlyShow MoreRelatedLetT Set A Scene Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagespractice basketball from the age of 4 until he leaves at 12. He played in rain or shine, against men that went to the college nearby. He got in their face and didn’t back down even though they were 2 or 3 times his age, over a foot taller, and about 150lbs heavier. He never asked for anyone to take it easy on him and helped his team to multiple championship appearances for his AAU team that was stacked with teams ranked in the top 25 nationally. At 12 he moves and decided to play for his new team, atRead MoreAn Acclaimed And Award-Winning Writer Of Fiction, Essays,1141 Words   |  5 Pagesworked for a few years on the staff of The New Yorker. When his writing abilities were finally noticed, he g ot the idea to start writing poetry and short stories. One poem he wrote was â€Å"Ex basketball player† its about an excellent basketball star in high school named Flick Webb, but nowadays he is merely a gas station attendant (Updike). Does John Updike pity or admire Flick? Are readers of the poem meant to pity or admire Flick? The poem â€Å"Ex Basketball player† begins with the description of road calledRead More The University of Michigan Fab Five Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagesfreshmen from the University of Michigan brashly stepped over that line redefining the world of college basketball as we knew it and in the process, revolutionized the relationship between style and sport. These men were fresh in more ways than one, causing an entire nation to dub them fabulous. They brought a hip and a hop to a game that was previously flat. Anyone following college basketball loved or hated to love the Fab Five, evincing that either way five things were on peoples minds or televisionRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Get A Degree1739 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational players but only 60 will make it to the big league. Football has 224 picks, but 16,369 intend to be drafted. There is more than 480,000 compete as NCAA athletes, and just a select few within each sport move on to compete at the professional or Olympic level. NCAA Participants Approximate # Draft Eligible # Draft Picks # NCAA Drafted % NCAA to Major Pro* % NCAA to Total Pro^ Baseball 34,554 7,679 1,206 695 9.1% -- Men’s Basketball 18,684 4,152 60 44 1.1% 19.1% Women’s Basketball 16,593 3Read MoreWhat Does Eastern Religions Mean For Americans?1397 Words   |  6 PagesIt wasn’t until the late 1950’s/early 1960’s that we see the interest in Buddhism, particularly Zen Buddhism, blossom throughout the country. Through the memoir â€Å"Sacred Hoops† by Phil Jackson, an NBA player and coach, we are able to see how Zen Buddhism not only altered his life, as well as his players, but how the religion also adapts to American culture. From reading both â€Å"Sacred Hoops† and learning about Buddhism throughout this semester, I would argue that Eastern religions, specifically Zen BuddhismRead MoreHIV Came with Harsh Stereotypes and Discrimination for Many Including Magic Johnson1552 Words   |  6 Pages During the 1980s and 1990s the new HIV disease began to emerge in society and with it came harsh stereotypes and discrimination against those who contracted it. Simultaneously, one of the most talented and influential poin t guards in basketball was dominating the sport: Earvin â€Å"Magic† Johnson. Throughout his career Johnson gained three Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards and was admitted into the Basketball Hall of Fame (â€Å"Magic Johnson†). However, on November 7, 1991, Johnson announced his diagnosisRead MoreThe Life Of Larry Bird1332 Words   |  6 Pagesparticularly in basketball. Basketball has always been a fast-paced, exciting game to watch. The sport has even been nationally televised for decades. The game has gained special popularity because of its superstars. National Basketball Association (NBA) superstars are recognized by many as the most recognizable pro athletes. Larry Bird was one of the most famous stars of the league, and his popularity greatly increased the publics’ interest in the league. Larry Bird’s fame and basketball success wasRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Teenage Wasteland1129 Words   |  5 Pagesleads to the tainting of Donny’ s innocence over time and eventually his mysterious disappearance at the end of the story. Through symbols of innocence and corruption, Tyler demonstrates the importance of keeping one’s head clear and focused while parenting, and that using common sense and logic is far more effective than relying on idealism and hope. In the first three lines of the story, the reader is given a sense of Donny’s virtue during youth and how it has changed over time. The author statesRead MoreAnalysis : Grit And The Baby Faced Assassin By Kevin Pelton1341 Words   |  6 Pagesexception to the rule. In it, he mentions Curry as one of the prime examples showcasing a new definition of â€Å"grit† postulated by University of Pennsylvania Professor Angela Duckworth: coining it as â€Å"passion and perseverance for long-term goals.† Indeed, he is deserving of the myriad of praise he garnered over the last few years, overcoming many doubts surrounding him as he was entering the league and inspiring young players, showing them that you don’t need to be a freak athlete along the lines of LeBronRead More90s Hip Hop and Rap1320 Words   |  6 Pageswith. This cultural phenomenon didn’t only bring changes to music; it also brought along chances in fashion as well as a whole new culture and mindset. Modern day rap is an evolved form of music and storytelling that began thousands of years ago in Africa with the â€Å"griots†, who were village story tellers who played a simple handmade instrument while they told stories about family, village events, and nature. As they would play their instrument, they would also talk and the two things would mix

Organizational Effectiveness Implementing Change and Management

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Effectiveness for Implementing Change and Management. Answer: Introduction: The term Organizational Effectiveness is indicative of the concept of how an organization is effective to achieve the results a corporation needs to produce. Organizational effectiveness determines the performance of an organization and traces the reason of the corporations progress accounting in changes and time (Daft 2012). Organizational effectiveness is important for a company for the concept enhances the capability building, involves strategies for higher adoption of the workplace environment. Therefore, Organizational effectiveness analyses the intensity of organizational learning and further encourages the progress of the organizational culture. Groups of organizational effectiveness concern themselves with the ideas of talent management, the working structure and design of the organization, implementing change and management, and the development of leadership skills (Cummings and Worley 2014). Organizational Effectiveness however remains an important key factor when it comes to the discussion of team effectiveness. Teamwork has always been an important factor in establishing productivity and progress of an organization. Moreover, it is an important duty of a manager to identify and choose the blend and skill of an employee. In the long-run a performing team incorporated with employees with the right blend of qualities proves to be fruitful for an organization in terms of growth and productivity. The following essay, in a systematic manner analyses the key concepts of organizational effectiveness attempts to trace the importance of effectiveness of teamwork in deciding the organizational effectiveness for the organization and thus traces the answer of the question is establishing teamwork difficult for the organization. Organizational Effectiveness: Definition: Organizational Effectiveness, as Kim Cameron mentions is more of a construct than a theory, grounded in the values and of the evaluators (Fullan 2014). Scholars have often been in separate opinions when asked to define Organizational Effectiveness. Major opinion however, goes with the outcome of accountability though there have been conflicts (Harper 2015). Therefore, no concrete definition of Organizational Effectiveness can be generated. To create an idea of what organizational effectiveness is, it is as Francis,Holbeche and Reddington mentions, Organizational Effectiveness takes as its desired end point sustainable, self-renewing outcomes. This requires a shift in mindset and practice with respect to organizational change, towards one based on authentic mutuality (Miner 2015). However, Organizational effectiveness has been split in several models; different models indicate to the conceptualization of different organizations, as they have worked on the organizational effectiveness. However, organizational effectiveness is judged by different key factors in several organizations like customer service and performance results, management of human resources, a well-structured leadership quality of the organization and most importantly effective team management (Cummings and Worley 2014). However, it is the human resources and the management of effective teamwork qualities and team managing skill that benchmarks the Effectiveness for an organization. Importance Themes Deciding the Organizational Effectiveness: Effectiveness of teamwork influences greatly the effectiveness of an organization. However, the organizational effectiveness gets analyzed and judged by several other deciding factors that influences the effectiveness of teamwork as well as the organization. The followings are some of the important themes in deciding the effectiveness of teamwork, therefore, an organization: Customer Service and Performance: The importance of customer service and performance of the teams varies in several organizations leading to varying results. However, organizational effectiveness gets greatly influenced in an organizations ability t successfully and skillfully interacting with and dealing with the customer. Such positive interactions with the customers not only help retaining the customer base but also increase the positive impression of the organization leading to an increasing organizational effectiveness. However, it is important on the part of an organization to keep experienced and skillful teams to attain the customers but at the same time, the organization needs to keep up a good working experience with the employees. From this perspective customer service acts as an important agent in escalating the organizational effectiveness. For example, Kenya power, a state corporation organization of power supply enjoys a huge customer network, for their attaining of the customer base and a good performance in distribution of the power. As a result, many customers are connecting with the organization everyday leading to a rapid growth of the organization (Organizational Effectiveness) over the years and thus able to meet the expectation of the increasing customer base (Emis.com 2016). However, it was important on the part of Kenya power as well to involve the employees with the correct managerial skill and correct mix of the qualities, knowledge and skills. Organizational Structure: Organizational Structure is an important theme in dictating and leading the effectiveness of an organization. A company can follow several organizational structures and depending on the structures the effectiveness are subjected to change. Companies my increase their effectiveness by using more than one organizational structure or they might movie from one structure to another to calculate the maximum effectiveness of a particular structure. However, thus the effectiveness of a large, medium and small company differs from watch other in organizational effectiveness for the size of the organization can determine the organizational effectiveness. Nevertheless, the fact is not always true. A large company might follow a complex organizational structure with multiple managerial levels therefore decision-making is delayed. Such delay decreases effectiveness. A small company on the other hand follows a simple organizational structure. Therefore, the flat structure often proves to be effect ive in tasks and projects or increasing effectiveness of the organization (Pinder 2014). Google itself is a great example of the importance of organizational structure in the example of effectiveness of the organization. Google accepts a flexible work culture and organizational structure and emphasizes social link within the organization. True to the theory of the relation between the organizational structure and organizational effectiveness, Google in present time continues to progress. Despite being, a large company the simple (flat) organizational structure helps Google to make a strong alignment between the firm's organizational structure and effectiveness (Smithson 2015). Effective Leadership Skill: Leadership or the managerial quality of an organization plays huge role in expanding the organization's effectiveness. To comment on the theme of the essay, it is indeed important to choose for a company the right employees for the proper segment. The employees need to be the perfect blend of know, edge and skill which qualities they will use handling the problems which might come to them in the course of time. However, leadership skill is important in organizational effectiveness from the perspective that it is the manager /leader who chooses the employees and allocate them to the proper segments of work. The leadership quality in an organization is such a quality that organizes, leads and monitors the employees to the productive direction which if improper may adverse impact on the effectiveness of the organization. The Southwest Airlines makes a good example of the leadership quality in handling the 9/11 terrorist attack. The attack forced the airways to suspend their journey midway for 2 days while the nation recovers from the attacks. The company, instead of sitting and waiting in a foreign country, encouraged the employees to take the passengers to the movies or entertainment programs to spend the time. Moreover, the CEO James Parker announced that they believe the company has been on sound principles for thirty years; they are therefore capable of handling crisis better than any other airways (buffaloNews.com 2016). Human Resources: Human resources are the most important part in the increasing of the effectiveness of an organization. The employees count to be the prized possession of an organization, in terms of intellect, support or physical labor. The greater a human resource of an organization, the more there are increasing chances of the effectiveness of an organization. However, it is important for the organization to retain the resource of its own at the same time value and use the resource to increase the effectiveness of the organization (Pindar 2014). Managers Role in Establishing Teamwork: It is the manager however, on whom the main responsibility has been imposed to establish the effectiveness of the organization and at the same time manage the teams successfully. On the other hand, if a policy fails the responsibility is posed on the managers themselves. Therefore, a manager needs to be extensively analyzing and minute in identifying the right blend of knowledge and skill in an employee to put them in the work. However, it is the responsibility o the manager himself to establish and guide the employees for a successful teamwork through the five stages of team development; forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. The stages in a systematic way help the managers to establish an effective teamwork leading to increase an effectiveness of the organization. A manager needs to create a purpose for the teams and lead the members towards the goal at the same time retaining team membership (forming), he needs to manage the employees and the expectation of the organization towards the teams and their roles in fulfilling the tasks (storming). A manager needs to manage a friendly relation between the members of the team and re-establish the work culture of the team so that the performance does not reach stagnation (Norming), he needs to keep an attentive eye on the performance of e every team member and the effectiveness and predictability of the company (performing). Most importantly manages the uncertainty and confusion of the employees to ensure a productive atmosphere of the workplace which in the long run will increase an effectiveness of productivity of the organization (West 2012). Is Establishing Teamwork Difficult in Organizations? Establishing teamwork in the framework of an organization is not only difficult but also crucial in the effectiveness of the organization. Since organizational effectiveness does not contain a strict definition, it encompasses every aspect of an organization in it; from organizational culture to organizational success, everything deals with and influences the effectiveness of the organization. Therefore, to keep up with the increasing of the company, the organization needs to appoint the right employees to the right segments. The abilities of an employee results in the productivity of a company but the employees must be the right employees for the right work. Thus it becomes important on the managers part to be careful as well as attentive while deciding the employees. An employee must possess the quality of knowledge and skill, it is difficult to identify the right employee for a work for the manager must identify the right blend in the interviewed through his experience. As it is the skillful expertise of the employees that determined the extent and duration of the effectiveness of the organization, while choosing the employees the company needs to be very attentive. To create an effective teamwork, an organization must identify a few distinct characteristics within the teams. An effective team needs to work together taking a unanimous responsibility to complete assigned tasks teamwork can be various: problem-solving teamwork, customer handling teamwork virtual teamwork etc. what is the key difficult point for the company in creating an effective teamwork is to identify the people to put in a team with. cross cultural difference, ethical and demographical difference hinders in the way of creating an effective team. However, it is more effective f or an organization to identify the capabilities of the employees and rope them in their organizational behavior through the organizational culture. Conclusion: However to conclude it must be said that on the progress of an organization, organizational effectiveness plays an important role. Organizational effective in the course of the progress is dealt with and judged by several issues and factors of which teamwork plays the lad role. However, it is important on the part of the managers to bring out the effectiveness of the teams by appointing the right employees to the right team. This acts as an important factor in deciding the effectiveness for an organization. For the employees are counted to be the prized possession of an organization. Therefore, to judge the effectiveness of an organization it is important to analyze the effectiveness of the team first in the workplace. Reference: Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Daft, R., 2012.Organization theory and design. Nelson Education. Emis.com. (2016).The Kenya Power And Lighting Company Limited Company Profile | EMIS. [online] Available at: https://www.emis.com/php/company-profile/KE/The_Kenya_Power_And_Lighting_Company_Limited_en_2036990.html [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016]. Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/edwardlawler/2014/02/11/hr-should-own-organizational-effectiveness/#194bcae97074 [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016]. Fullan, M., 2014.Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. PaunoviĆ¡, B., 2012. The role of corporate entrepreneurship in solving the competitiveness crisis of large companies.Ekonomika preduzeĆ¡a,60(7-8), pp.343-354. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M.G. and Macey, W.H., 2013. Organizational climate and culture.Annual review of psychology,64, pp.361-388. SEO, M.G., Taylor, M.S., Hill, N.S., Zhang, X., Tesluk, P.E. and Lorinkova, N.M., 2012. The role of affect and leadership during organizational change.Personnel Psychology,65(1), pp.121-165. Smithson, N. (2015).Googles Organizational Structure Organizational Culture - Panmore Institute. [online] Panmore Institute. Available at: https://panmore.com/google-organizational-structure-organizational-culture [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016]. West, M.A., 2012.Effective teamwork: Practical lessons from organizational research. John Wiley Sons. www.buffaloNews.com. (2016).Ex-Southwest Airlines CEO offers lessons in leadership from post-9/11 crisis - The Buffalo News. [online] Available at: https://www.buffalonews.com/business/ex-southwest-airlines-ceo-offers-lessons-in-leadership-from-post-911-crisis-20140519 [Accessed 17 Sep. 2016].