Criminology Research Paper - 275 Words

Criminology Research Paper (Research Paper Sample) Content: Student name:Course title:Professor name:28th November 2014For any organized society, some ethical values are usually held in high regard. The main indication of a collapsed or a collapsing society is a loss of culture as well as lack of any moral responsibility. This can manifest itself through various ways, starting from the fundamental organizational unit, the family. This is what in turn brings about cases of crime within a given jurisdiction. A more disorganized society results to a poorer upbringing which in turn brings up messed up individuals that elevate the levels of crime within that locality. The relevant authorities within such a neighborhood have to take measures in order to deal with this menace. Sometimes, such activities arise out of the general bitterness or unrest about a certain prevailing condition that might be brought about by things such as the political climate at a given time.A bad regime, or a regime that is taken to be discriminatory, can e asily be turned against, through a violent revolt, or a silent manner; homicides, assassinations and cold war. As most leaders can say, it is better to deal with a violent reaction than a silent one, since ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s easier to see and tackle it, than the silent one which can easily hurt a regime. It is through the growth of discontent and apathy within the neighborhoods that combine with small groups to form dangerous criminal organizations that can hurt any government if not checked. It is these groups that breed violent criminals, who by their own thinking, feel justified to do all the criminal acts that they are doing. Theories in criminology can offer a slight insight into what goes on in the minds of these criminals.A case in point happened in Israel, involving the assassination of the then prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin by a 25 year old law student by the name of Yigal Amir in 1995.Various conspiracies have been formed ever since, trying to explain the reason for the killin g. Some stated that the prime minister was killed inside his car, while another claimed that the assassin, Amir, did not operate in isolation(ADL,1995).One thing for sure is that a majority of the Jewish population in Israel was pleased with the killing of the leader, since they felt he was not fair in dealing with everyone. Amir was later arrested and taken to face the law. While on trial, he justified his reasons for the assassination, claiming that it was for the good of all the Jews that Rabin was dead. That there would be no more western puppet trying to rule Israel with partiality. Such a confidence under trial speaks a lot of the criminal in question, and begs the question what was in his mind that made him plan and execute his mission successfully.We can associate this criminal behavior by application of the modeling theory. When we look at the background of Amir, the assassin we get a lot of clues that might had influenced him. First, he was born and raised under strict Jew ish culture. His education was centered upon intolerance to mistreatment (Jewish Virtual Library, 2014).This was further strengthened and later turned him into a radical when he joined university to study law and later political activism. All these were modeling him to become a staunch critic of the prime minister. He after joined the Jewish fighting organization, where he now reached the pinnacle of his ambitions. We can see that the environment in which he grew up inland the influences he got at each stage of his life molded and modeled him into the unapologetic assassin he finally became. Modeling theory is based upon the fact that the effect the environment has on an individual, usually has a reciprocal effect on the same environment (Robertson, 2014).In other terms, the surrounding affects the development of the individual, who in return displays these finished development on the general society. For example, if the surrounding commends the individual in actions he does, then t he individual will strive to be excellent or even outdo his initial self. In Amirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s case, the activist wing and later the Jewish fighting organization that he was part of seem to have encouraged him further, hence modeling him. However, this is just one of many overlapping theories that explain the behavior of Amir.Closely related to this modeling theory, is the operant behavior conditioning. This basically occurs when an individual is conditioned in such a way that he gets rewards or a specific response towards his behavior. As a result, he gets conditioned to expect such returns each time he manifests certain behavior (Handrick, 2014).Amir obviously experienced this from a very early age, in his university years as an activist. Later in that Eyal group, as expected of any cult, one is always vilified and praised for any act of heroism that he does. This might have contributed to the growth of the assassin in Amir.We can associate this with the choice theory. Choice theor y is basically a method whereby an individual looks at all the available options, measures the effects after and before, and then picks out the most favorable of them all. In such a situation, most people who commit crime usually view it with a bias towards the immediate action rather than the consequences of their decisions (Levin Milgrom, 2004).An individual may be influenced by the degree of bond and connection he has with the victim, such as attachment or commitment. Amir felt very much detached from the leadership of the prime minister, even claiming that the leader only cared about 98% of the population, and the remaining two he never cared about at all (ADL, 1995) .As a result, he felt less guilty at the prior thought of shooting the prime minister, Mr.Rabin, and felt nothing mattered whether he died or not, in fact, he felt that good things would come once Rabin was dead. His discord with the government of the day resonated with the general dissatisfaction of the populace, and made him feel that he and they will gain much with Rabinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s assassination.Under the trait theory, we can take Eysenckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s dimensional analysis of personality. He uses three dimensions out of which we can clearly see extraversion as the most outstanding trait in this case. This trait is characterized by a quick and violent reaction to anger, and a high level of stimulation when aroused by a certain causative factor. Amir clearly fits this billing of an extravert based on his trait. He failed in managing himself during his moodiness and anger, and on the contrary, deciding to display an outward reaction of discontentment with the leader of the government of the day, resulting to his crime (Sincero, 2012).We can clearly highlight the general strain theory (GST) in the context of this crime. As its name suggests, these theory basically tries to explain the social problems that cause an individual to commit crime. In general, crime occurs when an individual wants to acquire something that will help him have a better standing in his society. Strain theory covers the part which involves an urgent need to commit such a crime for the sake of social betterment. The group in which he belonged, called Eyal or Jewish Fighting Organization, must have expected something from him in order for him to leave a mark. He also feels that he and other Jews, especially the 2% Jews that are discriminated, are forced to be under a lower class in the country. ...

Perceptual Disorders That Can Disrupt Visual Perception

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The Scientific Discipline Of Music Therapy - 1488 Words

Have you ever been in a terrible mood, turned on some music, and suddenly felt better? Music just has that type of effect on people. The scientific discipline of music therapy emerged in the 1940’s to soothe wounded World War 2 soldiers returning home (â€Å"Power Chords†). It has this effect that can get from feeling down and in the dumps to cheerful and happy. There are not many people who don’t appreciate music in all its glory. Then again not many people appreciate the effect music has on our moods and how it relates to our lives. It has a huge power to make a difference in our lives. Music can affect people in different ways. When people write certain types of music it gives people a better sense of who people are; it also helps our†¦show more content†¦It’s not too often that anyone lets out their emotions, most of the time people keep them bottled up inside and not even pay attention to the at all. It isn’t good for anyone to do that. Writing music can easily get those emotions out and help anyone get into a better mood. Not many people do write music, but little does anyone realize how much better it could make people feel. Not many people actually sit there and take the time to just let your emotions out, just let everything go for at least five minutes to just let out all those feelings. It could be anything from feelings of hate, anger, sadness, depression, anything. Somewhere between the words and the music you find a feeling, an understanding that makes your cares go away. Researchers have evidence that tunes can actually heal and motivate humans (Lichtman). When everyone hears a song on the radio and everyone listens to the lyrics carefully everyone could easily realize most singers and songwriters are writing all about their emotions. In most situations anyone who listens to music listens to it to just calm down and feel relaxed. Music is a whole body phenomenon, in which it can help peo ple out by feeling calm and relaxed, without a care in the world (Quill). When everyone hears that one perfect slow and soothing beat your body feels calm and relaxed. Not many people truly realize the affect music contains on our lives. It has the power to keep people calm and relaxed even when

Marks and Spencer Advertising Strategy free essay sample

Marks and Spencer is an international multi-channel retailer that has been running for 129 years. It now operates in â€Å"over 50 territories worldwide† and employs â€Å"almost 82,000 people†, (Marks and Spencer plc, 2013). It’s dependence on its origin country; the UK is progressively being reduced due to its international focus. MS’ UK turnover consists of 54% food and 46% general merchandise, including home ware, clothing, lingerie etc. It is currently growing its e-commerce and has expanded to the finance business with its MS Bank branch. Clothing has been lately an aspect of concern for the company, as sales of clothing have â€Å"slipped back for the ninth consecutive quarter†, (The Guardian, 2013). This has created a 9. 1% fall in half-year profit. For this reason, according to MS Chief Executive, they are currently working on having â€Å"more innovation and choice than ever before†, (Bolland, 2013). However, according to retail analyst for the BBC, â€Å"The company is too risk averse and is unwilling to break the mould of its traditional ways of doing business†, (Conlumino, 2013). The affordable fashion market in the UK has been described as â€Å"challenging† by Chief Executive Bolland. The fashion industry requires radical and innovative measures for success, which MS has not dared to implement until now. Marks and Spencer’s fashion competition is becoming increasingly tough and aggressive. Retailer Next overtook MS â€Å"as the UK’s biggest fashion retailer, in July 2012†, (Nairn, 2012). Primark, its older rival has â€Å"an expected 5 billion pounds in clothing sales in 2014†, (The Guardian, 2013) this is a very close figure to MS, with the potential possibility of performing above it. CAMPAIGN STRATEGY Marks and Spencer decided to adopt a fairytale theme for its Christmas 2013 campaign, focusing on its men and women ware collections as well a their lingerie collection playing a strong role. The adverts’ message claims to â€Å"Believe in Magic and Sparkle† and is based on a collection of fairytale stories including Alice in Wonderland, Red Riding Hood and The Wizard of Oz. It encourages the audience to believe in the true Christmas spirits while taking them through a range of mind-blowing and fantasy settings that communicate the wide range of festive products available in the store. The advertising campaign was developed by the advertising agency RKCR/YR and also includes its Christmas party food range on the table set during the ‘Tea Party’. The company has tried to emphasize its quality by bringing to the advert loved fairy tales in a glamorous offset. Christmas is a key selling season for MS and thus their Executive Director of Marketing Business Director claimed how they wanted to â€Å"recapture the magical essence of Christmas that customers tell is synonymous with MS†, (Bousquet-Chavanne, 2013). In terms of the media channels, Marks and Spencer â€Å"is shifting its marketing approach to digital first†, (Vizard, 2013). This means that its strategy is launching campaigns online (through Youtube and its Website) before the use of Above The Line advertising (appearing in TW or print), this is a way to engage better with its consumers. The campaign was first launched on the 4th November online and two days after the TV debut took place. The whole campaign had a very strong focus on engaging their target audience through social media, allowing shoppers to vote via Twitter and Facebook on a name for the highland terrier which features in its campaign. The main purpose of the campaign is to create awareness to their target audience and recover primarily in terms of clothing sales (increase them). Further objectives of the campaign are to attract its target market for a bigger range of their products. By integrating food and general merchandise such as clothes and home ware in the advert, MS aims to take advantage of cross-fertilising across food and clothing, as opposed to other retailers. Finally, the objective of moving to digital marketing is to become multichannel and prove its ecommerce savvy, as according to head of digital store development, â€Å"A â€Å"frightening number† of MS customers still do not consider it as a multichannel retailer when they are shopping online†, (Zuurbier, 2013). In terms of its target audiences, Marks Spencer has always aimed to target different age groups, using its advertisements to expand the generations. By using well-known celebrities such as Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, David Gandy and Helena Bonham-Carter, it attracts customers from different segments, thus the main character Rosie can appeal to every woman, being neither too common nor too unattainable. However, although reaching out to an adult market segment with its range of winter clothes and festive feasts, MS has widely aimed to target a younger market, thus engaging them in a wide Social Media campaign and well-known models. In terms of its reach, the MS advert was broadcasted to a mass audience by using ABT advertising and OL advertising. It is currently â€Å"wining the Christmas TV battle in terms of social, with 58. 8 million mentions on Twitter and 160,000 interactions on Facebook†, (Kindred, 2013). The campaign also created a #magicandsparkle hashtag, which allowed the brand to measure further the impact on social networks, with it being mentioned over 3,500 times. The advert is available internationally with 948. 533 views in Youtube and British TV cannels. The advert was first launched on TV 6th of November and is showing at a daily basis currently and until the end of the Christmas holidays (2 months approx). The use of social media has been a key element in this last Marks Spencer’s campaign for two main reasons. First of all, MS are trying its best to understad consumers’ tastes and what they really want. Social media allows the company to ‘listen’ to what customers are saying in real time, thus having direct feedback and evaluation of their efforts immediately. Secondly, one of their main current objectives is to expand its online market share, thus they want to be perceived as a ‘multichannel’ retailer for online shopping. According to the head of digital store development, â€Å"A frightening number† of regular customers do not consider it as a main online shopping point, and social media through the campaigns enables a connection between the consumers and MS online platforms and therefore a direct link to purchase. The media channels have played a crucial role in transmiting their campaign to the desired public. The shift on its marketing approach, by launching campaigns online and on social media before print and TV enabled a closer relationship with the online consumers and a way of creating an experience and a feeling with the campaign. The use of mass media by broadcasting the advert through british TV channels reaches most families that could potentially buy at the physical stores, whereas the online platforms reach audiences that could potentially make purchases at the E-store. The main aim of the campaign was to attract customers of all demographic groups and promote the new products that the company is offering. MS image is in search of improved quality and consistency, and they wanted to transmit this to their audience. However, the key issue in this campaign is whether it really communicated a clear ‘message’ and whether it is appeals to the correct target market. MS, being a multi-department store with different product and option offerings, should thoroughly consider how the different product rages and collectoos are segmented. Usually, MS was using its ads to span the generations, always including different groups. However, by trying to appear as a ‘improved quality’ brand and creating an advertising campaign featuring actual and trendy celebrities, there is a high risk of detering its core group of older and more simple shoppers. In terms of attracting the younger audience, there is a high risk involved because this segment is yet not convinced about MS products being for them, so the efforts to attract this dangerous and risky segment might loose focus on their main and loyal customers. A controversial question on this topic is whether the use of celebrities such as the model Rosie Huntington-Whiteley and David Gandy are associated with the image and main values of the brand. MS is usually chosen by consumers who regard the brand as trustworthy, caring, straightforward and wise, being their old heritage a plus for consumer loyalty. Although the celebrity endorsement can create a high amount of awareness and the models can appear as desirable, the brand is unnecessarily being elevated more than necessary, and going a complete different way to its all-time values. It is therefore questionable whether the ‘all things to all ages’ appeal is reflected in the advert. The AIDA model can be used to evaluate the four main points of an advertising campaign, regarding Awareness, Interest, Desire and Action. The process is used by marketers to ensure that the desired result occurs from the campaign and MS campaign follows all of the steps: Attention: By presenting the beautifully-made video with well-known celebrities it is catching the audience’s attention. The use of its fairytails theme can help purchases identidy the problem of needing the products offered by the firm to complete its christmas holidays. Interest: Once MS had the prospects’ attention, the way to maintain the interest in the campaign was to keep the audiences engaged by creating social media activity and repeating the story in different media channels. Desire: In the desire stage, the range of products showed in the advert are exposed on a way that are tempting and desired by the customers, so that they want to purchase de product. Action: The final step was to persuade the prospects to take immediate action. By using online platforms, creating a direct link to purchase and by limiting the range of products to the christmas season, MS is creating sense of urgency by encouraging action within a specific time frame. This call to action is essential for the advert to influence the growth in sales. Marks and Spencer has been suffering from decreasing sales throughout the last years, and instead of focusing on targeting a unclear market segment, it should promote its heritage and history, which is why it is stil considered to be number one multi-department store in the UK. The advertising campaign is beautifully made and has exquisite production values and gorgeous sets but it does not appeal to the right audience. There is an unclear linkage between the advertising and the heart of the brand as experienced by the stores. The celebrities do not represent what the clients are neither what they want to be, as they are unreachable and extravagant. The magical essence of the advert and the ‘high glamour’ that it wants to communicate has nothing to do with the brand. MS should focus on one emotional point that can reach its most loyal clients, whereas this advert looses focus by trying to appear and image that is nothing to do with the brand. Even though MS has captured a lot of attention, the call to action remains unclear, although impact on sales cannot be analysed until after Christmas.